SECURING OUR COMMUNITY... STRENGTHENING OUR COMMITMENT 25th ANNUAL COMMUNITY GUIDE Bringing public safety information to the citizens of Newfoundland & Labrador
1 www.rnca.ca Royal Newfoundland Constabulary Association
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3 www.rnca.ca It gives me great pleasure to announce that this year marks the 25th anniversary of the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary (RNC) Association Annual Community Guide! Over the past twenty-five years the RNC Association has been thrilled to share safety information throughout the communities of Newfoundland and Labrador with our annual publication. It has been through the tremendous support from members of our community and business sponsors that we are able to share this vital safety and awareness information to the people of our province. Over the years, we have helped many topics become a part of the discussions regarding safety within homes and schools in our province. From bullying in the classroom to elder abuse awareness, each topic has been important and has hopefully helped members of our community to start a conversation with their loved ones. The RNC Association has been fortunate to have had numerous requests from school and community groups around the province for additional copies of our Community Guide to share. We are pleased to announce that our Community Guides are now available online for your convenience. You may visit our website, www.rnca.ca, at any time to download your very own electronic copy. This year, we will be donating a portion of the proceeds from our Community Guide support towards the Newfoundland Division of the Canadian Mental Health Association. This local chapter of the national organization aims to be a leader for mental health and facilitates access to resources which people require to maintain and improve mental health and community integration, build resilience and support recovery from mental illness. We are very proud to support this organization in conjunction with this year’s guide which aims to bring awareness to at-risk youths who may become involved in radicalization and extremism. It is my hope that you find this year’s guide informative and that you will share it with those in your community. On behalf of the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary Association Executive Board and its membership, thank you again for your support! Sincerely, Warren Sullivan President RNC Association PRESIDENT’S m e s s a g e
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Homeland Security Awareness 5 www.rnca.ca Royal Newfoundland Constabulary Association CONTENTS RNCA News & Photo Album Violent Extremism / Radicalization . . . . . . . . . .11 Terrorism in Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Montreal Teen Sentenced to 3 Years for Terror-Related Charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Identifying Radicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Radicalization of Youth as a Growing Concern for Counter-Terrorism Policy . . . . .23 Youth Online and at Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Building Resilience Against Terrorism . . . . . . . .39 How Police Can Stop a Terrorist in Canada . . .67 Cyberattacks, Homegrown Terrorists Worry Canadians . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Report a Threat to National Security . . . . . . . .69 Responding to Stressful Events . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Anti-Terrorism Act, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 More Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 Awards of Excellence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Police and Peace Officers of the Year Award . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83 Police Exemplary Service Medals and Bars Ceremony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 Donations to the Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 Children’s Wish Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Law Enforcement Torch Run . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Detective Sgt. Thomas Fraize Scholarship . . . .89 In the Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 Pumpkin Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 Family Fun Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 Seniors’ 2015 Christmas Party - St. John’s . . . .97 Annual Charity Benefit Hockey Game . . . . . . . .99 2015 Cst. William Moss Softball Tournament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101 NL & Labrador Police and Peace Officers’ Memorial Association Parade . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 Reason for the Rink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 ADVERTISERS’ INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 25th Annual Community Guide Homeland Security Awareness RNCA Messages Message from the Premier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Message from the RNCA President . . . . . . . . . .3 RNCA Executive Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Message from the Publisher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
6 www.rnca.ca Celebrating 25 Years in Health Care Rehabilitation, Prevention and Research Phone: 709 726-4006 Toll Free: 1-877-744-2468 Web: www.nlmta.ca Committed to our community Proudly supporting the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary Association.
7 www.rnca.ca Royal Newfoundland Constabulary Association EXECUTIVE Steven Simmons 2nd Vice President George Horan Director, Support Services Danny Abbass Director, Corner Brook Jason Power Director, CID Scott Harris Treasurer Jared Sweetapple Secretary Warren Sullivan President Nick Cashin 1st Vice President Mike Summers Director, NCOs Ryan Armstrong Director, Platoon B Mark Green Director, Platoon A Kevin Hogan Director, Platoon C Photos not Available Supporting Homeland Security Awareness Jason Farrell Director, Labrador Michael Hollett Director, Platoon D
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9 www.rnca.ca This is the 25th Anniversary of our Annual RNCA Crime Prevention Guide and covers the timely subject of Homeland Security Awareness, focusing on the potential radicalization of our youth, which can lead to acts of violence and terrorism, such as the tragic 2014 police shootings in Moncton, NB and the thwarted attack at the Halifax Shopping Centre. This publication is designed to educate and promote the public’s role in identifying and reporting potential Homeland Security concerns, and is made possible as a result of financial contributions from residents and business representatives throughout the province to support the activities of the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary Association and allows them to give back to their communities through donations to various local charities and youth-oriented programs. On behalf of Fenety Marketing and the RNCA, I would like to take this opportunity to sincerely thank each and every contributor of our 2015 Telephone Appeal. This unique publication is distributed free-ofcharge each year to schools, libraries and public facilities and it is also available online at RNCA's website at www.rnca.ca, making it easily accessible to everyone. Your comments or suggestions regarding these publications are always welcome and we look forward to speaking with you each year during our Annual Telephone Appeal. Respectfully, Mark T. Fenety President Fenety Marketing Services (Atlantic) Ltd. PUBLISHER’S MESSAGE “Providing quality, professional marketing and fundraising services on behalf of high-profile, non-profit organizations.” WWW.FENETY.COM
10 www.rnca.ca Newfoundland and Labrador Building & ConstructionTrades Council is pleased to support The Royal Newfoundland Constabulary Association.
11 www.rnca.ca Royal Newfoundland Constabulary Association rAdiCAlizAtion www.csis-scrs.gc.ca Canadian Security Intelligence Service the radicalization of Canadians towards violent extremism continues to be a significant concern to Canadian national security. essentially, radicalization is the process whereby individuals move from holding moderate, mainstream beliefs towards adopting extremist political or religious ideologies. individuals who become radicalized may support or become involved in violent extremism. Activities can range from attack planning against Canadian targets, sending money or resources to support violent extremist groups, and/or influencing others (particularly youth) towards adopting radical ideologies. radicalized individuals may also seek to travel abroad for terrorist training or to engage in fighting. such individuals can pose very serious threats to the security of Canada. not only are they now seasoned fighters who harness the ability to conduct attacks here, but they may also serve in influencing others. the participation of two young Canadians in an attack on an Algerian petroleum facility in January 2013, where up to 60 individuals died, as well as the widely-reported travel of two other young Canadians to north Africa, allegedly for extremist purposes, is indicative of this trend and highlights the challenge posed by the travel of radicalized individuals for terrorist purposes. in order to generate a better understanding of the phenomenon, the service conducts research on radicalization in Canada. Csis has found that for those influenced by the AQ narrative, violent extremists have come from varied social and age levels, are spread widely across the educational spectrum and can appear fully integrated into society, making detection especially difficult. Violent extremism, broadly speaking, refers to the process of taking radical views and putting them into violent action. While radical thinking is by no means a problem in itself, it becomes a threat to national security when Canadian citizens, residents or groups promote or engage in violence as a means of furthering their radica political, ideological or religious views. the motivations and drivers that inspire them towards violent action may be due to real or perceived grievances, for example, animal rights, white supremacy, Al-Qaeda-inspired, environmentalism and anti-capitalism. Homegrown and imported violent extremism has been on the Canadian scene for many decades. it is not limited to any specific race, ethnicity, religion or culture. there is no single profile or pathway for individuals who come to embrace violent extremism. it is important to note that the threat of violent extremism in Canada evolves constantly. today's threat is not necessarily the threat of tomorrow. Violent extremism www.publicsafety.gc.ca Public Safety Canada
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13 www.rnca.ca Royal Newfoundland Constabulary Association TERRORISM IN CANADA: www.ctvnews.ca A gunman killed a soldier at the national War memorial on Wednesday before being shot in Parliament Hill's Center Block. Prime minister stephen Harper said the attack will harden Canada's resolve to crack down on terrorists at home and abroad. Here are some past terrorism cases and terrorism allegations, as well as cases in which politicians or legislatures were attacked or such attacks were allegedly plotted: 2014: two days prior to the latest incident, two Canadian soldiers were run over -- one of them later died -- in Quebec by a man authorities believed had jihadist sympathies. martin Couture-rouleau, 25, was shot and killed by police. 2013: two people were arrested and charged with conspiring to blow up the British Columbia legislative building in the midst of Canada day festivities. John nuttall and Amanda Korody are each charged with knowingly facilitating a terrorist activity, making or possessing an explosive device, and conspiracy to place an explosive device with the intent to cause death or injury. none of the charges have been proven in court. the couple is scheduled to stand trial in January 2015. 2013: Chiheb esseghaier and raed Jaser were charged in connection with a plot -- allegedly guided by Al-Qaeda in iran -- to attack a Via rail/Amtrak passenger train that runs between toronto and new York City. none of the charges have been proven in court. the pair are expected to stand trial in 2015. 2010: Police made three arrests in an alleged plot to commit acts of terror on Canadian soil. misbahuddin Ahmed of ottawa was convicted of two terrorism-related offences in July 2014. Hiva mohammad Alizadeh pleaded guilty in september to possessing explosives with an intent to do harm and was sentenced to 24 years in prison. the third man arrested was acquitted of conspiring to facilitate terrorism. 2009: software engineer momin Khawaja, the first person charged under the Anti-terrorism Act, was convicted for his role in a plot to plant fertilizer bombs in the United Kingdom. Khawaja, who is serving a life sentence, has denied the charges. continued... Home made explosive devices intended for terrorist attack at BC Legislature. pamelageller.com Timeline of ploTs, aTTacks, and allegaTions
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15 www.rnca.ca Royal Newfoundland Constabulary Association 2006: Police in toronto arrested a large group of young men who later became known as the toronto 18. they are accused of plotting to bomb targets including the toronto stock exchange, Csis headquarters and a military base. eleven were ultimately convicted of terrorist offences. in January 2010, one of the men, zakaria Amara of mississauga, ont., was sentenced to life in prison. Fellow suspect saad Gaya from oakville, ont., was sentenced to 12 years. 1995: Quebec sovereignty supporter Andre dallaire entered the prime minister's residence at 24 sussex drive while Jean Chretien and his wife were sleeping. He confronted Aline Chretien at the bedroom door. she summoned mounties while the prime minister snatched up an inuit sculpture in case the intruder crashed the door. dallaire was found guilty of attempted murder, but was found not be criminally responsible because of his mental state. Terrorism in canada: Timeline of ploTs, aTTacks, and allegaTions ...continued 1985: An Air india flight that departed from the Vancouver airport exploded in the skies over the Atlantic ocean, killing all 329 people on board. two Canadians were tried for the bombing, but were ultimately acquitted of mass murder. only one conviction has been obtained in the case. inderjit singh reyat, who pleaded guilty to manslaughter in the case, was convicted of perjury in 2010. 1984: three people were killed when Canadian army supply clerk denis lortie opened fire inside the national Assembly in Quebec City in a bid to "destroy" Premier rene levesque. lortie was convicted of first-degree murder after his first trial in 1985, but a new trial was ordered because of errors by the judge. in 1987, he pleaded guilty to reduced charges of second-degree murder, allowing him to be eligible for parole after 10 years. 1970: the october Crisis begins as the Front de liberation du Quebec kidnaps British diplomat James Cross and, later, labour minister Pierre laporte. Prime minister Pierre trudeau invokes the War measures Act, which allows government to temporarily suspend civil liberties. Cross is released 60 days later but laporte is found dead. 1966: Paul Joseph Chartier, an unemployed toronto security guard with emotional problems, blew himself up with a bomb in a washroom down the hall from the public gallery of the House of Commons. His notes suggested he planned to throw his bomb onto the floor of the chamber. www.ctvnews.ca The Canadian Press Published Thursday, October 23, 2014
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17 www.rnca.ca Royal Newfoundland Constabulary Association www.cbc.ca A montreal teenager has been sentenced to three years on two terrorism-related charges. the 16-year-old was found guilty in december of committing a robbery in association with a terrorist organization and of planning to leave Canada to participate in the activities of a terrorist group abroad. the lachine teenager is the first Canadian to be convicted of attempting to leave the country to participate in terrorism-related activities – one of the federal anti-terror laws passed in 2013. He will serve 16 months in youth detention, followed by eight months of community service and one year of probation. Teen with 'enormous potential’ the teenager's lawyer, tiago murias, said his client had "evolved enormously" since the case first came to light when the boy was turned over to police by his worried parents, when he was just 15. "He is a very bright youth with enormous potential to be reintegrated into society," murias said, adding that the judge and Crown prosecutor, along with the teen and his parents, agreed on the sentence. "He is a young man with a future, who has accepted his sentence with serenity, finding it fair and reasonable." MONTREAL TEEN SENTENCED TO 3 YEARS FOR TERROR-RELATED CHARGES LACHINE TEEN FIRST IN CANADA TO BE CONVICTED FOR TRYING TO LEAVE CANADA TO JOIN TERROR GROUP CBC NEWS – AS ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED ON APRIL 6, 2016
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19 www.rnca.ca Royal Newfoundland Constabulary Association www.ctvnews.ca A volunteer outreach worker, who aims to keep young people away from the allure of radicalization, says there are essentially four types of youth who turn to religious extremism. Kamran Bhatti says youth who become attracted to terrorist groups often start out as kids with common gripes against society who turn to extremism as a solution. He says identifying the early signs of radicalization is crucial to protecting them from extremism. in the last week, four young Canadians have reportedly died while fighting for isis in syria. they included 24-year-old John maguire, a former University of ottawa student who appeared in a video posted online last december encouraging attacks on Canadian soil, as well as three somali-Canadian cousins from edmonton who left for the middle east in 2013. Bhatti runs a youth empowerment program through a not-for-profit organization called north American spiritual revival. the program encourages young muslims to work for change and peace and encourages volunteer work. While the program is aimed at all youth, Bhatti finds that a lot of parents refer their kids to his program when they appear to be attracted to extremist views. "What we've found over the years is that the program has helped to shift the thought trajectories of youth who were headed down the path of radical thought," he told CtV's Canada Am from Hamilton, ontario. Bhatti has found that there are essentially four types of youth who are at risk of radicalization: 1) The mentally ill - the first category includes people with mental health or addiction issues who become obsessed with islam. this group would include michael zehaf-Bibeau, the man who shot a soldier on the steps of the Canadian War memorial in ottawa and then stormed the Parliament buildings. Bhatti says such individuals often need more than what his program can offer; they need to be treated by health care professionals. 2) The "flavour of the month" extremist - the second category comprises people who are drawn to extremism of any form. these people are often former anarchists, neo-nazis, or environmentalist extremists, who are concerned with fighting the power – whatever that power might be. Bhatti says these people often try to convert to islam because it's the new "flavour of the month." typically, these youth lose interest in islam after a little while and move on quickly. 3) The religious zealot - the third type is the religious zealot who believes that jihadism is required by their faith, and that they may need to die for their cause. Bhatti says these people have been more or less brainwashed and have adopted an “us vs. them” mentality. these youth are usually the farthest down the road to radicalization. IDENTIFYING RADICALS: THE FOUR TYPES OF YOUTH ATTRACTED TO EXTREMISM Fotsearch continued...
20 www.rnca.ca Angela Dumaresque Operations Manager Forteau, NL A0K 2P0 (709) 931-2440 Proud to support the RNCA’s efforts on Homeland Security Awareness
21 www.rnca.ca Royal Newfoundland Constabulary Association "For individuals like this, there is often nothing we can do and we require rCmP and law enforcement to do their jobs," says Bhatti. 4) The disgruntled youth - the fourth type is one that Bhatti most commonly deals with: youth who are frustrated with society and have an axe to grind. these kids are often immigrants who aren’t adapting to their new culture well, who have an employment grievance, or who are upset over something going on at home. these kids often become focused on injustices in the world in places such as syria or israel and begin to believe that violence is the best response, he says. Bhatti says his program encourages these youth to channel their anger into creating change in their own communities. "What we do with youth like that is we acknowledge that these grievances are valid. But what we try to steer them toward is the positive way to express that grievance. it's not through violence," he says. ...continued John Maguire, 24, of Ottawa, is seen in this undated photograph. the nAsr program offers training on how to lobby government agencies for specific change and how to put across a positive message through the media. the program's service model includes doing volunteer work, such as working for food pantries, handing out winter clothes to the homeless, and collecting food donations during ramadan to give to the needy. "the idea is we train them with practical life skills, plus we'll give them the opportunity to offer service and to have ownership of their community," says Bhatti. www.ctvnews.ca Angela Mulholland, CTV News Published Friday, January 16, 2015
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23 www.rnca.ca Royal Newfoundland Constabulary Association RADICALIZATION OF YOUTH AS A GROWING CONCERN FOR COUNTER-TERRORISM POLICY inTroducTion the stereotype of a terrorist as a foreigner from a disadvantaged marginalized country, striking at the Western values from abroad, is slowly fading with the latest increase in Canadian, American, and British citizens joining the ranks of terrorist organizations, as was the case in Algerian gas plant attack on January 20, 2013, or engaging in terrorist acts inspired by radical messages circulating online, as was the case with Boston marathon bombing on April 15, 2013. radicalization of youth especially in Western europe and north America is becoming one of the most important threats of international terrorism in the world today. socially isolated, disenchanted young men turn to extremism in their search for identity, acceptance and purpose which they are unable to find in the community more often concerned with wealth accumulation rather than healthy relationship-building. in this situation, the implication for counterterrorism policy is the difficulty of identifying and intercepting terrorists since they are already in the country by birth or via naturalization, while law enforcement agencies in europe and north America struggle with walking a fine line between civil liberties and extremism propaganda. the situation is further exacerbated by the population’s opinion in regards to the foreign policy of their government, which can be seen as the motivational point for joining the jihad by young members of the society. in this case the intelligence community will have to quickly assess the potential threat represented by these young travelers and correctly identify them while combing through a significant amount of online data. A comprehensive approach to the problem of radicalization could be most effective for successful counter-terrorism policy, and as such should include community engagement to prevent radicalization and highlight the understanding of the detrimental impact the individualistic society has on the development of the youth. At the same time, it is crucial for law enforcement and social workers to build trust with local population, and be culturally sensitive to the community they serve, in order to correctly gauge potential for radicalization. Finally, as internet and mass media represent a wealth of information on various radical violent venues, which could seem attractive to youth, perhaps, the intelligence would benefit from a counter-terrorism dedicated cyber-crime unit. The problem of radicalizaTion “those who feel that society as a whole has the least to offer them are the most likely to join [the terrorist network]” (sageman, 2004) and unfortunately young men in Western europe and north America are more often nowadays joining the pool of such candidates. the rise in home grown terrorists has two important components: the process of radicalization and the causes for it are both linked to one common denominator – the society in which these young men live. on the one hand it rejects these men from its circle, and on the other hand it pushes them to look for other social networks. causes for radicalizaTion there are various opinions on the true causes for radicalization. some authors say that “[t]he descent into homegrown terror among north American youths is typically an internal journey driven by teenaged disaffection and anger. it has little to do with geography, religion or heritage. individuals drawn to radicalization continued... www.globalsecuritystudies.com
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25 www.rnca.ca Royal Newfoundland Constabulary Association have a desire to take action and do something significant, at the same time, they see the world in black-and-white terms and seek to align themselves with a virtuous cause” (maclean’s, 2013). Alternatively, some young men, as was the case with the tsarnaev brothers in Boston bombing last April, turn to radical ideology in order to project the blame for their internal suffering on the society around them (reitman, 2013). the demise of their parents’ marriage and the subsequent abandonment of the teenagers in America left the brothers without financial or social support in rapidly deteriorating conditions (reitman, 2013). radical islamist ideology offered an outlet for their anger at the country that supposedly failed them and set in motion the chain of events that led to the deadly end of Boston marathon. sageman’s (2004) argument supports this proposition, underlining that the reason for joining salafi jihad is the alienation young men felt while living in foreign countries and not having gainful employment. Joining the jihad gave them an escape from personal sense of grievance and humiliation. in sum, the causes for radicalization can range from identity crisis, personal trauma, discrimination, segregation, and alienation to misinformation about islam and Western foreign policy. However, there are other important factors that need to be present for the process of radicalization to take root. process of radicalizaTion According to Precht (2007), in Western europe, for many, the process of radicalization begins when they are teenagers looking for a cause and a stronger muslim identity and increasingly finding the answer in the ideology of radical islam. often people are rather secular before they enter the radicalization process and, in general, radicalization is taking place within loose social networks of friends and peers (Precht, 2007). An important factor in radicalization is the presence of a charismatic person who can easily deliver persuasive speeches not only in mosques but also in schools, universities, or even prisons. “official sources indicate that many American homegrown islamists have also been radicalized while incarcerated, including the members of the prisonformed Jamiyat al-islam al-sahih cell in California that was convicted in 2007 for its plans to attack not only synagogues but also the israeli consulate in los Angeles” (Benraad, 2009). many of young potential radicals are not fully aware of their country’s history, as well, they lack proper knowledge of islam and have not read the Quran to see that islam is actually one of the more peaceful religions. the fact that preachers of Wahhabi islam find to their advantage is that many young disenchanted individuals are not knowledgeable about the entire scope of religion they are trying to embrace. Another important factor to consider is the role of social networks in the process of radicalization. “social links are key to the dynamics of terror networks” (sageman, 2004). Group phenomenon is a strong factor in creating such network, because the potential jihadists were close friends or relatives when joining terrorist network and have done so not individually but as a group. many youth enter the circles of radicals after the society rejected radicalization of Youth as a growing concern for counter-Terrorism policy ...continued Fotosearch
26 www.rnca.ca The Carpenters Union is proud to support RNCA’s Annual Crime Prevention Guide, focusing on “Homeland Security Awareness” www.jamesgcrawford.ca 31 Peet Street, Suite 215, St. John’s, NL A1B 3W8 Ph: (709) 757-0137 • Fax: (709) 754-4949 cavae.save.now@gmail.com www.coalitionagainstviolence.ca The Royal Canadian Legion Branch 45, Woody Point supports the RNCA in their Homeland Security Awareness Campaign. Po Box 250 triton, nl A0J 1V0 (709) 263-7221 jerry.jones@duralitediamonddrills.com Canada mexico Colombia 189 Higgins line, st. John’s, nl A1B 4n4 tel: (709) 944-5554 Fax: (709) 722-5892 toll Free: 1-877-888-4125 www.murphyneil.ca 7 Ricketts Road St. John’s, NL A1C 6G8 (709) 579-0443 Proud Supporter of the RNCA Vision Statement: To promote an inclusive, safe, and caring environment built on mutual respect, shared leadership and social justice, where the needs of all learners are nurtured and independent lifelong learning is inspired. NAIN SAFE HOUSE Nicole Dicker, Executive Director P.O. Box 447, Nain, NL A0P 1L0 Crisis Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .709-922-1229 Toll Free . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-866-922-1230 Office Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .709-922-1230 Fax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .709-922-1424 Email . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .nainsafehouse@nf.aibn.com
27 www.rnca.ca Royal Newfoundland Constabulary Association them by finding virtual networks online, or in youth clubs and places of worship. the local community, by remaining disinterested in its youth, misses the cues that indicate the process of radicalization, as was the case with the millennial Plot bombers in montreal. Having been seen as “a bunch of guys” involved in petty crimes, living in an apartment on welfare, they were not taken seriously by the authorities, although their circle revolved around Kamel, who undergone military training and fought jihad in Bosnia (sageman, 2004). Perhaps, this lapse in judgment was due to the same British multicultural approach that Canada has adopted to its immigration policies. However, the process of radicalization apart from social isolation also involves the desire to affect political change. Krueger (2007) posits that terrorism is akin to voting. High opportunity cost of time, such as high paying job, should discourage people from voting, but on the contrary, it is precisely them who vote, because they care about influencing the outcome and consider themselves sufficiently informed to express their opinions (Krueger, 2007). terrorists also care about influencing political outcomes: they care about a cause so deeply that they are willing to die for it. terrorists are responding to geopolitical issues, and understanding the causes of terrorism can help prevent countries from pursuing counterproductive courses of action (Krueger, 2007). implicaTions for counTer-Terrorism the major implication for counter-terrorism in the U.s., Canada and Western europe is the citizenship of radicalized youths. since many of these potential recruits are secondgeneration muslims born in Western europe or north America, or are recent converts to islam, they have the freedom to travel internationally without being subjected to rigorous visa requirements. An alarming number of them do not have any prior ties to muslim identity or religion, and thus they are remaining under the radar of intelligence agencies. At the same time, counter-terrorism policy in both north America and europe has to take into consideration the impact of foreign policy perceptions on these young potential radicals. if the behavior of U.s. troops overseas will continue to resemble the behavior of colonizing metropolis, the domestic audience will risk increased radicalization, akin to the protests against the war in Vietnam. thus, there will always be an internal political duel – to rally support for intervention in terrorist infested country, while at the same time to prevent backlash domestically. Countries that occupy other countries are more likely to be the target of terrorist attack (Krueger, 2007). implicaTions for inTelligence the liberties that legal provisions give to law enforcement in France would be met with the backlash from civil liberties’ protectors in the United states and Canada. the massive data collection by nsA in America that has been raking the news channels for the past months indicates a clear problem for intelligence agencies if they are to combat terrorism effectively. And to add the fuel to the flame, the problem persists with a large volume of data collected by intelligence agents that they are physically unable to sort and compile into comprehensive reports, which would enable law enforcement to apprehend home-grown terrorists. the problem remains with having to decipher whether internet traffic indicates a potential terrorist, radicalized youth, or a young researcher. While the internet and mass media are able to disseminate extremist propaganda, perhaps, there is a need to create a cyber-crime unit dedicated to counter-terrorism. policY recommendaTions in the field of home-grown terrorism with youth being radicalized within north American radicalization of Youth as a growing concern for counter-Terrorism policy ...continued
28 www.rnca.ca Making Youth’s Entrepreneurship Dreams a Reality Toll Free: 888-303-2232 P.O. Box 140 Fax: (709) 247-2630 Plum Point, NL www.cbdcnortip.ca A0K 4A0 Building Stronger Communities General Construction Services P.O. Box 1668, Bay Roberts, NL A0A 1G0 Brian Drover 680-1472/786-0704 Wayne Smith 680-2549/786-7697 Terry Wells 683-5112 Backhoe, Dump-Truck & Excavator Services Snow Clearing / Removal & Ice Control David Batstone Manager Suite 223, 2 Herald Avenue Corner Brook, NL A2H 4B5 Phone: 709-388-2333 Fax: 709-388-3339 Email: libertytaxcornerbrook@gmail.com 27 Union Street, Corner Brook Newfoundland & Labrador A2H 5P9 TCH P.O. Box 87, Bishop's Falls, Newfoundland, Canada A0H 1C0 Tel: (709) 258-6665 Fax: (709) 258-5785 Toll Free: 1(800) 478-0999 E-mail: reservations@exploitsmotel.com Phone: (709) 757-2787 ext 1 Fax: (709) 757-2790 www.npreit.com P. o. Box 13426, stn “A” st. John’s, nl A1B 4B7 aparTmenTs for renT
29 www.rnca.ca Royal Newfoundland Constabulary Association communities, there is the need to have intelligence officers fluent in cultural intricacies of the immigrant population, and at the same time, the possibility to analyze the wealth of collected information, based on the knowledge of various cultures. Police and social workers need awareness training to be able to gauge early signs of radicalization in the community. Agents being knowledgeable and sensitive to the issue of youth isolation and radicalization will be able to establish good relationship with their neighborhoods. At the same time, social integration of youth is extremely important along with counter ideology by education, involving muslim community in the process of countering radicalization by teaching young people. this will address the need to create collective identity and develop shared values (Precht, 2007). increased public diplomacy focused on domestic politics to de-mystify islam will also help in combatting radicalization, going hand in hand with addressing the need to fight relative deprivation and alienation. local community engagement is vital in this battle for the minds of young people. Post-immigration support, for example, to integrate new Canadians in the society would help them develop ties to their community instead of forming closely knit diasporas. Also, it is important to remember that poor people care about surviving and putting bread on the table, they prioritize material gains, not politics. Knowing this will help law enforcement agencies turn their attention to those that are more susceptible to radicalization. terrorist organizations prefer recruiting from the educated elite, whose members will be more successful in carrying out the attack (Krueger, 2007). thus the emphasis should be on the demand side (terrorist organizations) – degrading their financial and technical capabilities and promoting peaceful means of protest should help counterterrorism policy. dampening (the supply) the flow of people willing to join terrorist organizations, according to Krueger (2007) is a policy that is unlikely to succeed. radicalization of Youth as a growing concern for counter-Terrorism policy ...continued fotosearch forecasT it is important in the struggle for deradicalization of youth to engage local community to its fullest potential, as teachers, coaches and parents are missing the early cues of radicalization process. As a society of isolated individuals concerned with accumulation of wealth, north America and Western europe are missing the link with their disenchanted young population that is spending increasingly more time online and less in the community. the need to combat online radicalization, as well as local charismatic radical islamists is placed on the shoulders of law enforcement, but the community has to share the burden if it is to be successful in this battle. Communication between all levels of governments and community is vital for the success of deradicalization. Global security studies, Winter 2014, Volume 5, issue 1
30 www.rnca.ca Charles S. Curtis Memorial Hospital 178-200 West Street, St. Anthony, NL A0K 4S0 T: 709-454-0370 F: 709-454-3171 326 Freshwater Rd St. John’s, NL A1B 1C2 (709) 722-6486 www.speedy.com PO Box 399 Clarenville, NL A0E 1J0 (709) 466-2622 Head Office: P.O. Box 130, L’Anse au Loup, NL A0K 3L0 Phone:709-927-5816 Fax:709-927-5555 www.labshrimp.com Fish Processing Plants at Cartwright, L’Anse au Loup, Mary’s Harbour, Pinsent’s Arm and Charlottetown Fresh Atlantic Products from the People’s Seafood Company “Smith Snack Services Ltd is proud to support the RNCA with their efforts on Homeland Security Awareness” 10 Austin Street, St. John’s, NL 709-754-7254 Tel: 709-282-6222 Fax: 709-282-6234 E-mail: rona@crrstv.net Fitz’s Enterprises Ltd. 6 First St. P.O. Box 1360 Wabush, NL A0R 1B0 Hardware - Building Materials - Flooring - Paint Home Centre The Outport Restaurant & Pub 1495 Topsail Road Paradise, NL A1L 1P9 709-782-2121
31 www.rnca.ca Royal Newfoundland Constabulary Association more than ever, the lives of young Canadians are lived online. the World Wide Web is used by children, pre-teens, and teens for research, learning, entertainment, social networking, and to just pass the time. the widespread use of the web is facilitated by the fact that computers are readily accessible in classrooms, libraries, and bedrooms of youth while web-enabled cell phones—fast becoming the norm—provide access everywhere in between. in fact, a comprehensive Canadian study on the online habits of youth found that internet “access is almost universal.” However, just because young people have near constant access to the web, it cannot be assumed that they are fully aware of the risks posed by being online. While the internet provides access to rich educational experiences, great entertainment, and the chance to connect with friends around the clock, it also creates a number of risks that young people, parents, and guardians need to be aware of. there are the commonly known concerns of identity theft, online predators, and cyber-bullying but there is another issue that we need to collectively work to address— radicalization to violence. this informational resource strives to increase the awareness of how the internet is being used to radicalize and recruit youth in north America. WhaT can radicalizaTion mean? the radicalization of youth is not a new phenomenon. radicalization to violence has not been—and will not be—limited to a single group, religion, culture, ethnicity or worldview. extremist groups from the entire political spectrum as well as those with a different outlook have long sought to foment adolescents by exploiting existing cultural, moral, or societal grievances and capitalizing on the natural desire for adventure that many young people have. regardless of a person’s background and upbringing, radicalization can result in a change in the beliefs held, the feelings one has on or toward an issue, and one’s behaviour. these changes can result in devoting additional time and financial resources, taking additional risks, and perpetrating violence to support a cause. it can happen to individuals and groups of likeminded people in many ways. often the seed that starts the process is the perceived victimization of oneself or a group the individual identifies with. this can drive a desire to retaliate or generate change. With a perceived injustice, radicalization of individuals can occur. if an individual, a close relative, or friend has been the victim, thoughts of revenge can push that individual toward violence. this is perhaps best seen in the Chechen widows who strike against russia in reprisal for their experiences. Royal Canadian Mounted Police Gendarmerie royale du Canada continued... YOUTH ONLINE AND AT RISK: Radicalization Facilitated by the Internet
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33 www.rnca.ca Royal Newfoundland Constabulary Association recently, we have seen a number of youth radicalized not because of a direct experience but because of trends and events that sometimes occur in distant regions. overwhelming guilt or a grievance that comes to a head can lead an individual to act violently domestically. A common refrain among militant muslims in the West is the sense of moral outrage at conflicts in Chechnya, Kashmir, iraq, and Afghanistan. south of the Canadian border, similar reasoning was seen in the cases of ted Kaczynski and timothy mcVeigh. motivated by a desire to alter trends in technological development, Kaczynski, also known as the Unabomber, sent letter bombs to affect change. timothy mcVeigh, held beliefs that the U.s. federal government was conspiring to remove individual liberties and sought revenge for government raids on militant groups. individuals that become part of a radical group are susceptible to the “slippery slope” and the development of group cohesion can push them toward increasingly radical behaviour. seeking to belong to a larger movement, groups can start by viewing extremist material online and radicalize from there. one militant described his slide to radicalization as “a step-by-step evolution” where there was never “a choice made... such as i will become a terrorist.” in conversing with peers and developing strong relationships, sliding down the slope toward radicalization becomes easier when the group shares common goals or is under threat. research has shown that group solidarity proves to be a powerful bond. A violent radical from ireland shared in one study “there’s times i’ve said to myself, ‘why?’ You’re mad in the head… but i just can’t turn my back on it.” As seen in Canada, there have been a number of individuals that have radicalized together over time and plotted attacks as a group. like an individual who radicalizes because a group is under threat, a collection of like-minded individuals form strong relationships when under pressure. sharing sentiments of frustration, unaddressed grievances, and anger only intensifies the bonds of a group and can result in “mutual encouragement and escalation.” Group cohesion only grows as the group becomes radicalized as there are fewer people to trust and confide in. Capitalizing on a desire of young people to take action or misleading sometimes naive youth, extremist groups are purposely “manipulating the grievances” of youth to drive their agenda forward. By “cynically exploiting” the grievances held by the targeted disaffected youth, these groups seek to undermine traditional authority. Aiding in the radicalization of youth—whether as an individual or a group—is when the messages come from a role model figure. messages will resonate more if the source is perceived to be a family member, close friend, spiritual leader, or someone respected for their role within a group. this may have been a factor in the pace of the radicalization found in the suspects that sought to use liquid bombs to destroy intercontinental flights in 2006. the Commissioner of the metropolitan Police observed that the suspects went “from what would appear to be ordinary lives in a matter of some weeks and months, not years” to be willing to launch a suicide attack that would have killed hundreds, if not thousands. more and more, messages are being shared and social bonding between young people is happening online. As such, it is no surprise that the internet is playing a role in the radicalization of youth. Benjamin smith, a white supremacist who killed two and injured 9 on a racially motivated shooting spree in 1999, confirmed this when he stated “it wasn’t really ‘til i got on the internet, read some literature… that it really all came together.” Youth online and at risk: radicalization facilitated by the internet ...continued continued...
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35 www.rnca.ca Royal Newfoundland Constabulary Association spreading and sharing ideas For many groups, the internet serves as an ideal tool to connect with likeminded individuals or those with shared interests on the other side of the world. it enables people to connect and form relationships that otherwise would not happen. this is no different for groups that share an interest in a sports team or seek to change political processes, promote a cause, or perpetuate violence. the internet—and the advent of online tools such as twitter—enables the effective dissemination of content in near real-time. in many cases, messages go from the original author on one side of the world to the consumer on the other without being filtered. While this is beneficial for benign content, it also means that offensive or provocative material can be distributed without passing through the filter of traditional media or normal standards based on a society’s accepted mores. the speed and nature of the internet also means that individuals who are fortunate enough to read and speak multiple languages have access to insights and opinions from a broader range of sources. While this can be of great benefit it can also open oneself to increased numbers of extremist and violent ideologies. Capitalizing on this characteristic are many individuals and groups that seek a controlled space to distort and manipulate reality to put forth only one message or view of current events. traditionally, groups had to use pamphlets that could be intercepted by adults or caught up with other messages. Without alternative view points on the website and associated discussion groups, the internet can be used to “spread misinformation and false rumours” in the hopes of reaching “disaffected youth, and to enlist sympathizers and financial supporters.” Youth online and at risk: radicalization facilitated by the internet continued... ...continued WhaT’s being shared? With the advantages of quick dissemination and little-to-no filtering, it is no surprise that the internet is being used to target young people with radical and violent ideologies. Because of the advantages the internet has, chat rooms, Youtube channels, and interactive websites with images, videos, and games that aim to put forward a radical and violent agenda are proliferating quickly. A statistic often cited is that extremist website exponentially grew from just a dozen in 1998 to well over 4,500 in 2006. While the increase of videos, pictures, and chat rooms may not be a surprise, the content and how it is displayed may shock both adults and youth. WhaT You can do the internet poses a number of risks to young Canadians. the federal government and its partners are working to monitor websites that disseminate radical messages, encourage violence, and seek to recruit youth into the ranks of extremist organizations. However, monitoring and the disruption of internet sites by law enforcement agencies is only a temporary measure as the material is often duplicated elsewhere with the click of a mouse. in light of this, there are a number of things that parents, teachers, and community leaders can do to lessen the risks and facilitate a safe internet experience for younger generations. the radicalization to violence of youth ultimately originates within specific communities. therefore, it is essential for adults within these communities to be aware of the risks with youth, and available partners to counter radicalization. Parents, teachers and caregivers want to provide guidance to keep young people safe in the real world and it should be no different when they venture online.
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